Conversations with Microbiome Labs

Course Content

1/13/25 Balance from Within: How Probiotics Are Transforming Vaginal Health with Alicia Galvin
12/17/24 Stool Testing: What You Need to Know with Alicia Galvin
59:28
10/24/24 The Female Microbiome: Clinical Insights and Practical Applications for Optimizing Women’s Health with Alicia Galvin
51:56
8/27/24 Immunoglobulins 101: How to Support Mucosal Immunity, Microbial Balance, and More with Sarah Ellis
1:07:12
7/30/24 Set the Foundation to Gut Health with Lacey Hall, MS, RD
59:22
7/9/24 Microbiome Foundations: Dysbiosis and the Gut-Organ Axis with Sarah Ellis
1:23:30
6/26/24 Food Sensitivities: FODMAP, Gluten and More with Lacey Hall
59:49
How to Build a Resilient Microbiome with Alicia Galvin 5/7/24
1:02:57
Pioneering Gut-Brain Axis and Digestive Support with Kara Siedman 4/9/24
1:01:03
Stress, Sleep, and the Impact of the Microbiome with Alicia Galvin 1/29/24
58:46
Feeling Zapped of Energy? Mitochondrial Rescue with Kara Siedman MBL 11/13/23
53:37
Acute and Long-Term Antibiotic Therapy Recovery with Sarah Ellis (antibiotic recovery) 10/18/23
1:05:02
Metabolic Conditions, Blood Sugar Balance, and Gut Health with Alicia Galvin (metabolic conditions)
57:23
The Forgotten Microbiome: Why Oral and Dental Health Matter and the guest expert is Dr. Haroldo Magarinos 8.21.23
1:00:13
The Gut-Brain Axis: Restoring the Gut for Better Brain Health and Mood with Kiran Krishnan 7.24.23
48:08
Weight Loss/Metabolic with Kiran Krishnan 6.27.23
59:38
New Research: Multiple Strains for Microbiome Support for Gut, Sleep & Mood with Kiran Krishnan 5/1/23
1:12:21
The Pediatric Microbiome: Gut Support Your Kids Will Actually Eat with Kiran Krishnan 4.17.23
59:49
K2: Beyond Bone and Heart Health with Kiran Krishnan 4.4.23
57:18
Spore-based Probiotics: A User's Guide with Kiran Krishnan
1:04:49
Maintaining (and Improving) Your Digestive Health Over the Holidays with Kiran Krishnan
58:54
Prebiotics and Probiotics with Kiran Krishnan
53:31
Vitamin D3/K2 — The Calcium Connection with Kiran Krishnan
49:12
The Deep Dive into Healing the Gut Lining with Kiran Krishnan
1:07:22
How Does Oral Health Impact Your Gut and Systemic Function with Kiran Krishnan
49:10
The Gut-Skin-Microbiome Matrix with Kiran Krishnan
56:52
The Thirteen Studies on MegasporeBiotics with Kiran Krishnan
1:22:14
The Role of Spore Probiotics in Gut Health
1:13:37
Microbiome Superpowers with Kiran Krishnan and Shivan Sarna
32:17
The Gut-Brain Axis and the Role of the Microbiome: Managing Stress Response and Sleep with Kiran Krishnan
Examining the Root Cause of SIBO - Going Beyond the Bloat With Kiran Krishnan
1:35:07
The Gut-Skin-Brain-Sleep Matrix and the "Psychobiome" with Kiran Krishnan
35:36
MegaSporeBiotic™
19:08
Microbiome Breakthroughs and the Future with Kiran Krishnan & Shivan Sarna
26:39
How To Diversify Your Diet Without Symptoms
18:55
How the Brain Is Impacted by Your Gut with Kiran Krishnan of Microbiome Labs and Shivan Sarna
1:16:44
Loving on Your Immune System and Staying Well This Winter (Recorded Oct 27, 2020)
1:44:19
How Does the Microbiome Control Your Immune System with Kiran Krishnan (recorded Sept 16, 2020)
1:00:06
Are Stool Tests Full of Cr@p? with Microbiologist Kiran Krishnan
1:15:11
3 -Step Total Gut Restoration Process
1:02:38
A Microbiologist’s Perspective on Small Intestine Bacterial Overgrowth
47:18
Immune-Gut Matrix: What You Need to Know Now with Kiran Krishnan and Shivan Sarna (Recorded Jan 28, 2021)
1:08:19

59:28

Okay. Hello. Hello. Allison Galvin is here. She is a registered dietitian.

She is a teacher. She teaches other dietitians and professionals about all things microbiome. She is an expert in the vaginal microbiome test from Microbiome Labs and the stool test, and there are new hormonal, female products coming out in January. We can't wait to tell you about that. I know a lot of you did get the vaginal microbiome test after our webinar last month, and I'm sure it was very revealing.

And I'm so glad you're getting this data so you can share it with your practitioners and also make some really smart decisions. My name is Siobhan Sarna. It's great to have you here. And the platform that I started in 2016 now, yikes, is chronic condition rescue because I had so much stuff wrong with me. Ended up that I was working in a moldy building for 24 years, so that was that was that.

But I also had SIBO and therefore I started SIBO SOS, and I'm working on my 11th summit releasing February 2025 on the new science and wisdom of menopause. Could be my Sistine Chapel because it's gonna be super, super cool. And Alicia is going to be talking to us today about the microbiome stool test that is from Microbiome Labs. So I'm gonna hand things over to her. She's gonna share your slides.

I'm gonna hide myself. I will still be here. I'm not, like, going off to get a cafe. I'm gonna be right here. I just hide myself to reduce distraction, and we will check-in with the q and a's, cues and get you some a's at the end.

So thank you, Alicia, for being here. We love having you, and welcome one and all. Thank you. Yeah. Thank you so much.

I always enjoy speaking to your audience and doing these because we always get such wonderful questions and discussions. And so Siobhan said, we're gonna be talking about poop. We're gonna be talking about your microbiome and how you can assess it through a functional microbiome analysis. And Siobhan has already sort of jumped the gun with and, I guess, had a premonition of what I was gonna ask you as my first slide. But I am curious oh, you're good.

I'm curious, though, if any of you have if you've done this this stool testing on yourself, which many of you said that you have, how many of you are currently familiar with biomeffects? If it's one that you have run or maybe if you're a practitioner, you're running it, or if you're a patient, maybe a practitioner has run it on you. If anybody feel free to put it in the webinar chat. One being yes, or you can just say yes, or 2 being no, if that's something that you haven't done before. So not familiar.

Sarna. A couple of no's and and some yes's. Okay. So this might be so this might be kind of a newer, a newer concept then. Yeah.

Just give us the the beginner's mind version. Yeah. Yeah. And then, of course, there are those of you who have done stool testing, so which we know from Shivan earlier question. So what I wanna talk about first before we dive into the test itself is I wanna just go back and talk a little bit about what a healthy microbiome is and just the overall impact that it has on health.

So our microbiome produces many different things, some of those being postbiotics. One of you know, an example of a well known postbiotic would be, like, a short chain fatty acid, like butyrate. So, So, essentially, these are things that our microbiome and our bacteria make that have some sort of a benefit for our health. So it's not necessarily the probiotic itself, but it's what they're making. So short chain fatty acid would be part of that.

A healthy microbiome also helps to contribute to a really healthy functioning intestinal barrier system, which we all know the concept around leaky gut and how important our, intact intestinal barrier is. And then also, a healthy microbiome is gonna be less inflammatory, There's not gonna be as many inflammatory microbes and inflammatory byproducts. And so people who have in the research, we see that those people who have a really healthy microbiome are much less likely to experience chronic disease. So this is if you've seen Microbiome Labs, literature or Allison to our our webinars, you've probably seen this before. But just as a review, on the left hand side, we have a healthy gut.

So this is when we have good bacteria balance, we have low levels of Allison, a strong mucus barrier. On the right hand side, you'll see this is what happens with leaky gut. So when you have an imbalance of bacteria or dysbiosis, when you don't have enough keystone strain, so if you don't have enough acromancia, prycalibactam, or very specific strains that play a disproportionately large role in helping to keep our gut healthy. We don't have enough of different types or if we have low diversity. So if we have just a few types of bacteria, we don't have enough of those, postbiotics or those short chain fatty acids because they play a role in our immune health and our gut health.

We don't have this nice thick, mucosal layer if that has been degraded through overuse of things like consumption of emulsifiers in the diet, or a dysbiotic environment. If we have a disrupted immune response, which can lead to things like, autoimmune conditions and chronic inflammation, and then we have a dysfunctional gut barrier. So these are all gonna be things that will constitute a dysbiotic or a leaky gut. And then again, too many LPSs, which are these highly, immune stimulating micro byproducts that our microbes will make. Too many of those getting into the bloodstream will lead to chronic inflammation.

Now what can cause this disruption? So we have something called the exposome. And essentially, the exposome Mark just anything that we can come into contact with in our day to day environment that can have an influence on the microbiome. So that can be medications, like antibiotics or even natural antimicrobial herbs, if they're used in excess infections, excessive alcohol, smoking. Stress is a huge one.

How many of you are stressed? Because I'm sure most of us are, especially around the holidays. Travel, around the holidays, here we are coming up. Travel can influence your your microbiome. Saturated fats, excessive saturated fats in the standard American diet, environmental toxins like glyphosate, heavy metals, mold toxicity for sure, lack of sleep, and then intense really intense exercise.

So, you know, like your triathlon, your marathoners, those types of people. And this can influence our overall health and well-being. We have these different axes. So we talk about, like, the gut brain axis or the gut heart axis or the gut skin axis. So if you think about all of these other systems of our body, pretty much all of them you can link right back to the microbiome and how the microbiome is functioning, whether it be functioning really well and so therefore promoting health, or is it dysfunctioning and therefore promoting more of a disease state?

And so I thought this was a nice little schematic that shows just the massive influence that our gut microbiome has on overall health. But how do we measure it? So, again, these different risk factors that we've talked about that can lead to that dysbiotic function. And and when we think about the function of the microbiome, it's this whole ecosystem. It's this, like, city that's inside of us.

You know, we think that they're, you know, our, you know, they're they're not really passengers. They Sarna really driving this bus. You know, they are the drivers of our health. And so that because it they are functioning through different mechanisms. And when we have an imbalance of those players, we're Sarna have an imbalance in the way that it functions.

And so this is why we talk about a functional microbiome analysis because we Sarna see not only who is there, but what are they doing? How are they playing? How efficiently are they playing? We don't just wanna have a roster of, you know, the the football players on the team. We wanna know how well do they play?

How are they actually going to help the team to win? That's essentially what we're looking at when we're looking at a functional microbiome analysis. So it's kind of a paradigm shift away from the traditional, you know, stool test, which is just test and look to see who's. And so here we have just the differences between a functional microbiome analysis versus traditional testing. So a traditional stool test is just gonna essentially test and diagnose a condition.

Who do we need to eliminate? What types of medications or prescriptions do we need to Allison? Whether it be natural or pharmaceutical. Versus a functional microbiome analysis is gonna be looking at the overall resiliency, the overall functioning, the patterns. Who do we need to support through various diet and lifestyle and supplement protocols?

So it's gonna give us a much broader sense of what's going on. How do we need to coach the system if we're thinking about, you know, the football analogy? How do we need to coach, not just how do we meet who what players do we need to take out of the team? Because that might not fix the problem. They're really 2 different tests.

So, again, how do we differentiate? It's focusing on the functions. So there's different functions, and these are all included with our biomeffects tests. So we're gonna look at ammonia production which could influence liver and detoxification efficiency. Hydrogen Sulfide.

Many of you probably have heard about hydrogen sulfide through SIBO discussions. And so is there a lot of hydrogen sulfide production? Estrobolone, so estrogen balance. Siobhan was mentioning about, you know, the vaginal health and hormone function. Our gut plays a huge role in that.

So what are they doing in terms of estrogen balance? Then we Sarna look at that healthy ecosystem that's going to be resilient enough to naturally inhibit Allison. Because if a pathogen is allowed to come in, there usually is a dysfunction in the gut that's allowing for that door to open for those pathogens to come in. So it's more of a build up and crowd out versus a kill, always. Now there's going to be different exceptions to the rule.

Of course, there will be situations where you'll need to come in with more aggressive treatment. But, in general, if we can try to support more of a healthy ecosystem that may have better long term impacts. And dysbiosis, as we saw earlier, it's gonna affect more than just gut symptoms. So maybe someone has a lot of eczema or they have cardiovascular dysfunction or cardiovascular disease. They may not have a lot of GI symptoms, but their gut still could be influencing that health condition.

So a functional microbiome analysis, let's go through what BioFX is gonna look at and how that differs from other functional stool testing that's on the market. Now this is an example of just the first page of the report. So and I'm not gonna go through the whole report because it's a it's a hefty report. There's a lot to it. So I'm just gonna kinda skim the surface, and we can certainly talk through in q and a.

Or if you're a health care provider ordering this, we offer, clinical consults that you can go through the test with a clinician. And if you're a patient, you can talk about this with your provider and and see if they've been trained in interpreting the test Sarna, you know, they can be supported as well. So we're looking at who is in the gut. We're looking at things like diversity levels because diversity, which is just all the different types of species and how they come together and who's there and the overall composition and patterns, that's gonna tell us a lot about the resiliency of the gut. So who who's there?

Who's in the community? The resistome and pathogen control index again is gonna look at how do pathogens play a role? How are these sort of negative bacteria that we really don't wanna have a huge amount of in there? How resilient or how well can our microbiome keep those at bay on its own without the support of any type of pharmaceutical or, natural antimicrobial. And then we look at the keystones.

So keystones are like your Instagram influencers. They are a very small percentage of the users, but they have a huge impact on the function of the gut. How rich is the community, and also what are they doing there? Function. So this is what's unique about BiomeFX because of the type of technology that we use, and I'll go through that in just a second.

But it's gonna tell us what are they doing. So who's there? How are they playing? What kind of functional chemistries? Whether it be GABA production or short chain fatty acid production.

How are they interacting with the environment in order to carry out those functions? And then we look at is there balance because there are certain patterns in the gut, because if there are certain large groups of microbes that are taking up a whole lot more real estate than other types of microbes, then that's gonna cause an an global imbalance in the gut, and we can kinda look at those really high 50,000 foot level views to see generally how balanced is the microbiome. And then how do how do we restore it? With this information, how do we then coach those players to bring that balance and help them play better? So, again, here's that alpha diversity.

So, again, just how many species are in the gut compared to the healthy US cohort. And then we look to see is there evenness. So are there lots of different species and then are they very evenly distributed? Those are the 2 things we wanna see with alpha diversity. Beta diversity tells us the quality.

So this it's not enough to just know how many types of species you have because if you have a bunch of plants and they're in the desert, You don't want them all to be tropical plants because tropical plants are probably not gonna do very well in a desert. So you wanna make sure that the composition of the diversity of who's there is going to thrive and be the types of microbes that you would want to have in that particular environment. So we it's not just enough to know how many, but we wanna know the quality. And, also, just that interspecies diversity, which is what I was mentioning as far as the the composition. Then we have the pathobiome, which is looking at a pathogen control index, the different pathogen species.

And you can see here a list of all the different pathogens that are tested on the test. So we look at different opportunistic pathogens as well as some protists and fungi. And then we yeah. So this is just telling you what I'm what I'm telling you. Now the disposals ratios are going to be that 50,000 foot level.

So these are looking at these big groups called phylum that are going to take up the most real estate in the gut. So all of our bacteria, all the trillions of microbes, they all belong to 4 main phyla, these really big groups. And in the research, there are patterns for these big groups of a certain sort of balance between each other. So for mycatees to bacteroides, we want about a 1 to 1 ratio. So as you can see here, there is a huge swing favoring the Firmicutes which is that dark blue.

So that ratio is extremely high. This is not what we wanna see. We wanna see it much more evenly distributed which is what you see on that left hand side of that column. Same thing with if you look right below it, the actinobacteria. Again, these are these big groups.

We see that there's a huge, balance or favoring of actinobacteria, not what we want. We wanna see more of that even distribution. So just without even looking at the purse the rest of the person's test, we know that this person at a very high level has a real imbalance with with their bacteria. Now the keystone species, again, these are your your Instagram influencers. They're gonna play a huge role with many different types of outcomes.

Some of them are really specific for helping to maintain the gut barrier system. Some of them are really specific to help with gut brain functioning. Some of them are really good about making short chain fatty acids like, this faecalibacterium praesnitzii. And they Sarna also the ones that make sure that everybody's playing by the rules. These are like your referees on the football field.

They Mark making sure that everyone's following the rules. Everyone's where they're supposed to be. You don't have, you know, too many people on the field. We don't have too few people on the field. So they're the ones that are there kinda keeping everybody in check.

So if we don't have enough of these keystones, the game is not gonna be played very well. So we wanna make sure that we're creating an environment for these to thrive. Now, functional analysis is looking at genes. So what we're looking at in BiomeFX when you're when you take that poop and you put it in the little thing and you send it off, it with the kit. We're looking at the genetics of these microbes.

We're not looking at your genetics as a human. We Mark looking at the genes. Now if we think about genetics, if you've ever had genetic testing, genes for us, for humans, code for functions. So if you have a gene SNP, like for example, MTHFR, I think most are probably familiar with that. That's gonna code for how well your body can utilize and process and metabolize folate.

So if you have a deficiency in that particular gene, your body can't process that folate very well where it's gonna affect that folate functioning. Versus if you have the proper functioning gene, it's going to basically dictate how well you can process folate. So we're kind of doing the same thing with the genes for the bacteria. What we're looking at are genes that code for certain functions. So do you have enough bacteria that have the genes to make short chain fatty acids?

Do you have the genes or enough bacteria that code for making or producing certain byproducts of protein metabolism? Because bacteria can ferment carbs and fiber as well as proteins. We also do the same thing for hormones and neurotransmitters. So a key thing to understand is that we're not looking at the end product. We're not looking at histamine production.

We Mark looking for, does the microbiome have the capacity and have the right genetic profile to make histamine? And then also vitamins. So we look at b vitamins, several different b vitamins as well as vitamin k 2. So if the functions are too high or too low, that tells us the function of the microbiome. So if we don't have enough, short chain fatty acids, if we don't have enough of those Pimentel, why?

Has that person had a lot of disposes risk factors? Did they just go through a round of antibiotics? Are they not eating a really diverse high fiber diet? Are they eating a standard American diet? Are they super stressed?

So if we don't have enough, if those short chain fatty acid functioning pathways are low, why? Also, who are we feeding? So a really high protein, high fat diet is going to favor certain types of microbes and it's not gonna feed other types. So the different types of fibers and and fuel that we choose to eat are gonna influence who is in the microbiome. And then digestive.

So any of you who have had SIBO or have struggled with SIBO, we know that one of those things that can lead to the development of SIBO is having insufficient stomach acid, insufficient digestive enzyme production, insufficient bile flow. And so if there are those insufficiencies, that's gonna also trickle down beyond the small intestine and into the colon. We can see patterns of insufficient digestion in the colon through our microbiome analysis that might give clues to, you know what, these are patterns and these are microbes that are not getting neutralized further up the digestive tract. We need to be thinking about what's happening in the stomach, what's happening in the with the pancreas and with the gallbladder. So we can see some patterns because those will influence the functions of these microbes.

So again, this is just an example of what the sacrolytic fermentation would look like. The little green area here, that's optimal. So we have an optimal range of where we want somebody to be falling with enough microbes that are gonna code for that function. The green Sarna, the light green area is okay. We need to be paying attention to this because they're outside of that optimal range.

And then the yellow would be their outside of that kinda considered healthy Pimentel. And so we really need to be more aggressive with looking at, you know, why is somebody overproducing butyrate? Do they have over fermentation? This would be potentially like a SIBO case. They're over fermenting.

They have many more pathways that are geared towards that sacrolytic fermentation. Now with proteolytic fermentation, this is when you have a lot of microbes that are fermenting protein. So if someone has a lot of protein making it from the stomach through the small intestine undigested and not really being broken down efficiently, that can lead to feeding microbes that have a lot of protein fermentation potential. And so when I see someone who has a lot of elevations in their like, the examples here, their histamine, their p cresol. Some of these methane or, yeah.

Methane can be one of them. But any of these protein fermentation pathways, I'm thinking immediately about things like SIBO, low stomach acid, maybe h pylori, new things that are going to be affecting that upper gut digestion Pimentel. Because we shouldn't be having a ton of protein making it to the colon. It should be digested and absorbed starting in the stomach and then absorbed through in the small intestine. These are some other functional markers that we look at.

Again, just for time, I'm not gonna go through everything, but just so you have an idea of the other functional markers that we look at, this this would be an example of some of those other things. And again, we're we're looking for how well is the microbiome able to make GABA? How well is the microbiome able to make glutathione, histamine, and so on and so forth? Now what makes our test different from other tests on the Mark? I have to do with the technology.

How are we able to even tell what the microbiome is even doing? That has to do with something called whole genome sequencing. Now traditional other functional stool tests that are on the market that are used by a lot of functional providers, they use a technology that's been around for 4 years, which is about as long as cell phones. And I don't know how many of you still have a flip cell phone with the little Nokia, T Mobile. I don't know.

The original ones. We don't have those cell phones anymore because technology has advanced to better technology. So 16 s is the original technology that was used 40 years ago. And, essentially, what it's doing is it's looking at one gene in the bacteria, but it's not even looking at the whole gene. It's looking at just one little part of that one gene.

So here, you can see that there are 9 if you see, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, all the way up to 9. They have these 9 variable regions of this gene. That's kind of like a fingerprint for that bacteria. But in 16 s, they're only looking at 1 or 2 regions of that one gene that then they're spitting out to saying, oh, this is acromancy or, oh, this is phacalibacterum. So it's not really looking at that whole genome of the bacteria.

16 s can only get down to the genus level. So if you look here, the genus level is here. Sarna, just as an example, canis is the genome or the genus that your chihuahua would belong to. It's also the genus of a wolf. Well, we know that a chihuahua is not gonna be the same kind of animal as a wolf or a fox.

Very, very different functions, very different type of animal, but they're part of the same genus. So if you're only getting to the genus level for bacteria, that's as far as you can go with testing and analysis. You're missing a whole lot of specificity with how that microbe is really functioning. So keep that in mind when we're looking at these other tests or when you're seeing just a genus that's being spit out, like bacillus SPP or staphylococcus SPP. That's just looking at the genus.

It's not gonna get down to that strain level, which is where you're saying the chihuahua versus the wolf. So, really, you're just getting a few pieces of the puzzle, with 16 s. So in this case, you're seeing this as an example of somebody who has dark hair, somebody who has probably a man because he's got a little bit of facial hair, a little bit darker skin, but you wouldn't be able to say exactly who this is. So the accuracy level, what you're getting is not gonna be as accurate as with whole genome sequencing. And 16 s cannot identify a virus as fungi and protists.

So if we look here, whole genome sequencing, which is what BioMFX is using, they're looking at this entire genome. They're looking at the entire circle. 16 s is looking at this one little red strip, and it's only looking at a part of that little red strip. So you're not able to get to that accuracy level to really know. They're essentially kind of guessing based on the pieces of information that they have.

They're magnifying it and saying, well, this kinda looks like this particular microbe, so we're gonna report it as being such. So whole genome sequencing is end to end sequencing of the DNA. We're getting that complete puzzle. So instead of just saying, oh, he has dark hair. Oh, he has kinda darker Sarna, and he has some facial hair.

We can say, oh, this is this is Cron, which I'm sure many of you know who Quran is if you've been listening to Siobhan for a while. So it's gonna be identifying that species and strength. We know that it's not just a man with dark hair and dark skin. We know that it is Quran Krishnan. So when would you maybe consider using this?

It would be a little bit more limited in those with, you know, kind of that clinical the microbiology, parasitology, stool chemistry. It's gonna be limited to those who have more GI specific conditions, of not in the traditional sense. But a functional microbiome analysis is gonna be looking at not only those things. So are they suffering from diarrhea, constipation, bloating? But it's also gonna look at anyone who's been exposed to any type of dysbiosis risk factor, stress, dietary changes, frequent antibiotics, or if they have systemic disease, like I said, some of these chronic conditions that you might suffer from or have patients that suffer from, how is your gut influencing maybe those other systems that are outside the GI tract?

It also, you know, for, like, skin and other non related, you know, non GI related conditions and and vice versa. And then it also helps to give some of that clinical insight and direction to that next course of action. So remember I said there might be situations where you would wanna do more aggressive treatment? If you do a functional microbiome analysis Sarna you get the diversity levels and you get these different types of inputs, you can see, is this person really depleted? Have they already been through a lot of antimicrobial regimens?

And is their gut really depleted? Do we maybe wanna be more cautious about going in and doing another aggressive protocol? Or do they have a pretty resilient gut with a lot of diversity and some decent levels of keystones? Maybe they their gut could withstand more of an aggressive protocol. And so how do we then tailor our intervention methods to be more in tune with the health of the microbiome?

And then are there any additional tests needed? So do we need to do hormone testing? Should we do an organic acids test? Should we maybe test for SIBO if we're seeing a lot of those upper gut digestive insufficiency patterns? So it may inform if another test needs to be used.

So, again, this is not about diagnosing conditions or just looking at single markers on a test. It is about gaining this overall insight, this clear you know, resiliency of the microbiome, and as well as balance. So just as resources, if you're a provider, there are some report recommendation resources available to you that do go through the report, especially if you're newer. It goes through diet nutrition, lifestyle supplementation, recommendations for each marker. But then, of course, I highly recommend if if you are a provider, that you schedule a clinical consult with one of the consultants who can walk you through your first few tests that you're running because that's where you're gonna really learn how to do the test interpretation and then go through the patterns.

So, again, it is the first. It came out several years ago. I believe it was, like, 4 or 5 years now, but it was the first functional microbiome analysis on the market using that whole genome sequencing. We have a very healthy robust sample population. So our reference measures are coming from, over I think we're over 7,000 references, set for for the the healthy reference range.

And we're using, reads from, like, the American Gut Project and the Human Microbiome Project that are very standardized and and represent several different nationalities as well as gender and age. It's a very simple stool collection in return. And we do position ourselves as microbiome labs as one of those leaders, in supporting the microbiome through education and different resources to help guide you through that interpretation. And the it's very actionable. There are very specific, you know, these foods, these supplements, these lifestyle recommendations can be Pimentel, of course, as a clinician.

And you'd wanna talk with your clinician about, you know, are these appropriate for you specifically? But it at least gives you that starting point, and it's research based. We have a clinically validated, supplement protocol, through things like MegaSpore and our other supplements that have that research on that finished product. And with that, I know that was pretty quick, but I wanna make sure we got in on the on the time, but I'm happy to do q and a. That was great.

Thank you so much. Let's put some love into the chat for Alicia. That was beautiful. Very thorough and very helpful. Very helpful.

And we do have lots of questions, and we do also have a coupon for you if you would like to get 15% off. It's in the chat right now, and it is used coupon code no bloat 15 at to save the 50, 15%. But you do have to register for an account and, not but, and, you you, let me just make sure I have the right link here. Copy link. There you go.

And that will allow you to actually I think that's right. Let's confirm. Let's confirm. That's the wrong one. Hello.

Stand by. Hello. Hold on. Let's get some questions going while I figure stuff out. Is it covered by insurance or Medicare?

No. It is not covered, but most I won't say most. There are some tests stool functional stool testing companies who do that, but there's some risk to that, and we just we just don't work with insurance because it's not diagnostic. So yeah. Okay.

Okay. You know what? We go here for ignore that. I'm gonna get rid of that last thing. Delete, and now I'm gonna go to the link.

It's right here. Standby. Zoom share screen. So the link that's in the chat will just take you here, and it already has the direct to patient code, which is Cboe SOS. And then if you use no bloat 15, you will, be able to get the 15% off.

Okay. Let's see. We also have a a bonus for you of Alicia's slides as well as, a master class from Kiran Krishnan, who is the cofounder of Microbiome Labs, and I'll show you that. And that is if you order today before 6 PM EST. And this is what it is.

It's Spore Based Probiotics, a user's guide with Shivan Krishnan. So he is the cofounder and cocreator of Megaspore and so many other formulas, but that's what this is in case you decided to go for really buying anything from Microbiome Labs today before 6 PM EST. That's just for those of you showing up live. So I appreciate it. And if you're watching the recording, you can still get the 15% off the, stool test.

So it's just some bonuses for those of you decide to show up live and wanna make a move before 6 PM EST, today. And that is December 17th to 2024. Okay. Can it be done for Australian residents? Unfortunately, not.

Right now, we're just in the US and Canada. Okay. So do you ship to Canada? Mhmm. Wants to know.

Yes. You do. That's awesome. Okay. And then a question is about, I did a, like, a a stool test 3 years ago.

Is this valid? Probably not. Yeah. Yeah. You your micro so it's interesting because, you know, you've probably heard the the thing that your microbiome can change pretty quickly, you know, within 3 days.

And that is true at a superficial level. So you can make some changes if you just if, you know, if you've been eating standard American and you start eating, you know, whole foods diet, within 3 days, you will see some shifts in the microbiome. But to make those really core deeper changes, what I've got was talking about, like, those 50,000 foot views of really that that overall imbalance or shifts, that's gonna take much more consistent long term work to see those changes. And so that I would so we usually recommend not testing this, any sooner than about 6 months because you wanna make sure that you're you've had enough time to make those deeper level shifts and not just some superficial changes with a few species. So I just wanna put a little caveat on the idea that, yes, you can change it quickly, but it takes longer to change.

Now 3 years, I would say you've probably had a lot of different factors come into your life, whether it be diet or lifestyle or stressors that are gonna make some of those bigger shifts. And so I would say if you're wanting to go through and have an updated protocol for yourself, you'd probably wanna think about retesting. And what are examples of emulsifiers that hurt the gut lining? So carrageenan would be a big one. So things sound in soy milk often.

Yeah. So, like, if you're doing a bunch of, nondairy milks or, you know, you'll find them in things like yogurts and cheeses, and it's gonna be those types of emulsifiers that, so any of the gums, the gums, the carotenans, those are gonna be problematic. Are you comfortable saying if you guys I I don't really want you to answer this because it's a little uncomfortable, but how do your tests differ from others like GI MAP? I think you should just go to GI MAP, everybody, and look and see what they do, and then look at BiomeFX Sarna listen to what she was just talking about, and you can make that comparison. I like GI map too.

A lot of people do. So we're not disparaging anybody. And I know you're not saying that either by asking. It's a great question, but I just would rather have us talk about what you're you're an expert in. Right?

Okay. Can so let's say they take a test. We get the results. Those results are gonna be sent to you. So in other circumstances, they would be sent to your practitioner, but because of my special relationship with Microbiome Labs, they will be sent directly to you.

And then what are the steps involved in the test itself? Edith wants to know, and maybe this is a good time to give us, the hack. So what go ahead and tell us what the steps are. Well, I would love to hear your hack, Siobhan. Okay.

So one hack right. So it's kind of gross, right, collecting your poop. So there are different techniques. They actually sell stuff on Amazon that's like a little, hammock that you put in the toity, and you can poop in it. Hilarious when you get a stool test, and they give you the, like, food from the fairs.

And it's like have a hot dog? No. I didn't wanna say that. And it's a, like, a red and white gingham piece of flimsy cardboard and a glove. I mean, it's just horrible.

So, anyway, I tried, then I had, like, a I don't know if that they're called. They're called like a hat. If you ever had, like, a pee test in the hospital, it's kinda looks like a bed pan that you put underneath this the toilet seat. Hospital? It's kinda looks like a bed pan that you put underneath this the toilet seat.

This is such a great conversation. Thank you so much. And, that's actually a pretty good system because it's firm. It's plastic. But then they said to, like, line it with tinfoil, but then you still have to touch it.

So this is what I did. I got a grocery bag. And you just poop into the grocery bag. You have the little plastic bags that don't recycle, unfortunately. And then you have a a way of, like, having your hand outside the bag, and you can do your little scooping and putting it into the test tubes and the little vials that way.

So that's my very unglamorous hack. Poop into That is that's genius, really. Because if you have, like, a gelatin glove and, like Right. That's usually some of them as Thank you. This is my lane of genius, everybody.

It's I'm so proud. Thank you very much. I love that. Yeah. Tips.

And if anyone else has, we'd be happy to have it here in the in the chat. Yeah. I I really can't compete with your tip though. Okay. Like, I really can't.

I don't I have no other better way to do it. Finishing 2024 strong. Like yeah. I mean yeah. Because that I'm yeah.

Because the way the way I did it, like, my poop was I just got, like, one of those big plastic disposable little, like, container things because then it's, like, hard and you can, like Oh, yeah. A little shovel because it comes with so there's, like, a little vial and you, there's a little tiny shovel thing that comes with it. And you don't need a ton of of poop. You just need enough to to cover just the little top part. And so you scoop out the poop, kinda go through, scoop it in, and then you just fill the little piece.

You screw it on. You do a little shake to get have it mixed with the, the the solution that helps with the DNA extraction, and then that's it. The other nice thing is because we're testing I do wanna make this point. Because we're testing genetics, you don't have to stop enzymes. You don't have to stop your, you know, steroid.

You don't have to stop any of the traditional things that you have to stop before collection because when you're it's not gonna be it's not gonna affect the genetics. Now I will say if you've been on antibiotics or if you've been on an antimicrobial protocol, you may wanna wait maybe, like, 2 weeks, before collecting just because there might be some shifts in the microbiome as a result of that medication. But it also depends on your goal. If you're really wanting to see how those antibiotics affected your gut, well, you might wanna you could test sooner. But if you're wanting to see more about the recovery of the microbiome and just have a a little bit more of a baseline, then you would wanna wait.

That's really the only thing that you may wanna factor with, when you when you choose to do the test. Could you repeat that again? Sorry. I was typing for somebody. What what was the thing you just said?

Just antibiotics or antibiotics. That would be the only thing you may wanna stop or be mindful of when you test. But, otherwise, you don't have to stop your other supplements before testing. What is what do you think about a 3 day sample collection, or is it just one day? It's a one day.

It's a one day collection. Yeah. Unofficially, do you feel like people could, like, put a little in for over a couple of days, or would you Sarna. Don't do that? You could.

You could in theory because it's it's very stable. It's, you know, it's it's very stable, so you're not gonna, like, mess up anything. Okay. Let's see. Naveed is saying, is the h pylori check?

I'm not really sure. Does it check for h pylori? Yes. It does. Okay.

Cool. And then, let's see. Random, meaning that it's just not talking about exactly about the test, but I'm frequently constipated. Should I avoid creatine? Oh, just generally, should you avoid creatine?

Question. Yeah. Hey, Beth. Probably. I mean, I would wonder why you're constipated, but, yeah, I would probably avoid creatine.

Okay. Alright. We are, going to go back to some people who submitted very much at the top of the question. Hi, Alicia. What treatment do you typically use for your patients when someone has multiple strep overgrowth and typical oral bacteria in the colon, presence of IMO and EPI too, and in your experience, the typical root cause for this issue?

Thank you. So you have lots of strep. So it sounds to me a lot of upper gut digestive, because strep is one of those things that's gonna come along with low stomach acid. So if you've been on PPIs or if you have h pylori, if you've had chronic stress that's, you know, starting to suppress that stomach acid. So you said Sarna, and then what else was on there?

It's so Digestive Insufficiency. Hold on. Typical oral bacteria in the colon, IMO, which is intestinal overgrowth for those of you who are like, what is she saying? And then EPI. I don't even know what EPI is off the top of my head.

Pancreatic insufficiency. Oh, got it. Yeah. So it sounds like, definitely some up some low stomach acid. So I Sarna know why the low stomach acid.

Is it because there's h pylori? If that's the case, we definitely think about using, like, PiloGuard, which is, a specific probiotic. It's actually a ghost biotic. It's not alive that binds h pylori and helps to escort it out of the system. If you've been on PPIs, then and if that's the reason for low stomach acid, then I would say, FODMAP is actually great.

Helps to break down those highly fermentable fibers that sometimes can cause back pressure Sarna that back pressure can lead to some of that reflux. Yeah. Good digestive enzymes for, you know, if you if you're not if you have low stomach acid, you're not gonna get the signal to then stimulate those digestive enzymes to be secreted. Because part of what stimulates enzymes to be secreted is a proper level of acidity in the stomach. So I definitely would wanna have some digestive enzymes.

But, yeah, if you have a lot of oral microbes that are translocating from the mouth to the colon, you know you're missing out a lot of digestive checkpoints, whether it be bile, stomach acid, or in your also in your case, exocrine, pancreatic insufficiency. So I would definitely be thinking about, upper gut. Yeah. Alright. Does IGY affect the microbiome test result?

No. Okay. We're gonna go a little faster. Cost, please. Do you know how much it costs off the top of your head?

It's kind of not her, Rina. She's like the science. I on it. I couldn't She's like the talent. She's the pretty one, so she doesn't deal with, like, the the money.

I should know that. That would be a I'm that person. But I'll look everybody can look it up on the site. It's very Yeah. When you log into your D2P account, you'll be able to see the price.

Yeah. I I I can't remember right now. And I don't I don't wanna take the time to do that whenever we can do that because I'd rather go to the questions. Okay. Oh my gosh.

We need to really go faster. I have to do soap suds enemas in to go to the bathroom. Can I do the poop test collected from an enema? Yeah. Yeah.

Now, John, I have to ask you about the soap suds, enema. It sounds like you want some viscosity. You want some lubrication. Have you talked to your doctor about that? What kind of soap were you using?

Some soaps have a lot of toxins in them, so maybe it's Castile, doctor Bronner's, and it's okay. I don't know. But, have you tried coffee enemas? I just wanna make sure that what you're putting into your very, very, thin mucus membrane there is something that is healthy for you. So I'm just curious about that.

Hello, mice. And second GI MAP stool test shows new growth of opportunistic bacteria and worse h. Pyloriia via h pylorivia gut after doing 4 months of gut protocol to clear parasites. Got worst after the first time. What can I do to repair and get rid of the bacteria?

Okay. So a big question, Amy. That's a big question. Doctor. But let's just let's get some tips.

Yeah. So okay. So you did a parasite clean I'm sorry. Can you I'm trying to follow. Basically, she did her parasite cleanse, and then h pylori got worse.

Oh, okay. Did you do anything for the h pylori? Any Right. Anne Anne, type that in if you can. Just to confirm, it's not available in the UK?

I think you already answered that. Not not yet. Not yet. Yeah. When dysbiosis ratio is high, must one use, consider, use antibiotics to be that conventional herbal to get that ratio favorable again?

Or can we instead use 1, 2, or 3 probiotic supplements as additions to help shuffle things up and get the dysbiosis back in range without having brought the sledgehammers of the antibiotics? Great question. So, actually, with depending on the type of the dysbiosis ratio, depending on which ones are high or low, Those actually can tell us about, again, the the function. So as an example, if fermictetus is really heavily favored like we saw in the example, that goes along with upper gut digestive insufficiencies and also, gut liver. So bile flow and function.

I'm always thinking about bile when I see that for my kidney's is really, really heavily elevated. And I'm I'm thinking about digestive insufficiency. And usually, if I see that really elevated, other patterns in the test also confirm that. Same thing with actinobacteria. So what we saw was that those fermicades were really elevated, that dark blue, and then the actinobacteria in the example was really high.

And again, that's gonna be digest of insufficiency. So if I see that, it's it's not as much about, like, the supplement. It's the why is it why is it shifted and what can we do to to address that? The other thing would be like proteobacteria, very highly inflammatory phylum. Lots of gram negative LPS producing species.

So if that's the case, I'm Sarna be wanting to do something to work on the gut barrier system and mucosal membrane. That's something to help bind up all of those LPSs that are being, you know, given off by the bacteria. So the, I would say it wouldn't, it's not as simple of an answer as you just would do an antimicrobial and then probiotics. Again, these, these patterns of these shifts inform us on the function of the digestive tract and what else might be going on that we can address to get more to that root cause. So I would say it depends.

Okay. I'm, everybody, please, if you please put your questions in the in the q and a box, not the chat. Sorry. And I missed like, there's a ton of how much is it? It's 4.50.

But take 15% off. That's just I'm reading your your comments. If you don't have a practitioner, can I order directly in the consult with one of your providers? So, John, I'm not a provider. I'm a patient advocate with special relationship with Microbiome Labs that allows me to pass savings onto you and to get you in directly with it and then take that information and get with a provider.

And so and I'm not gonna say anything else, but there are a lot of ways to get interpretations these days. And so do you I don't know. Is there a sample test result that we can show anybody? I didn't ask for that beforehand. I wish I should have done that.

Yes. I can actually you want me to pull it up now, or do we just, like, email it? Go ahead. Because, Jan, I reposted the proper link. So let me go how long is this meeting?

We have 7 minutes left. We are running out of time. And some people said, like, put cotton in your nose so you don't have to smell it. Great idea. I use a face mask because I'm, like, super weird.

And I line an empty tissue box with wax paper that extends over the sides and staple in place. Leah, that is very creative. But part of the problem is, like, you don't wanna get whatever you're using wet in the toilet, and so it becomes quite awkward. So that's why I also like the grocery bag because it's just like yeah. I literally never thought I would be talking about this.

Okay. Alright. Let me just confirm I have the right link, everybody. Okay. Use code nobloat 15.

Yep. I see that I put in the wrong link. Hang on. Nope. That is the right link.

So I'm just gonna literally grab it again and put it in there. Thanks for being here. Okay. Here is the link, and it's auto populated with, CboeSOS, which allows you to order directly from the lab. And then if you want the 15% coupon, you use no bloat bloat 15 as the coupon vote.

K. Go ahead. And this is a sample test result. So you're gonna get a lot of information. I always suggest, you know, speaking to a provider, but here's a great way to start it.

Isn't it nice that you're gonna be able to walk into that conversation with the test result in hand and maybe even load it into their portal before you even show up so they could have ideally looked at it before the appointment. That's gonna save you a lot of time, energy, and money. Okay. Mhmm. Go ahead.

I'll stop. No. You're fine. So yeah. So just kinda and there are some descriptions.

So if you are because, no, you wouldn't be able to consult with one of our providers. But if you do take it to your doctor and if your doctors is, you know, open to to learning about this, there is information that's written in each of these categories. So it gives a little short, description of what it is. And so we talked about the Allison beta diversity. These are the pathogens that are looked at.

These are the ratios we're discussing. So that 50,000 foot view to see what generally and and, like, at a higher level, what's going on with the gut. These are your keystones, your Instagram influencers. So we look at things like, you know, acromancia as well. And these are the the these are the functions.

So then we get to that functional analysis. So the first part of the report is kind of the who's there. And then the second part of the report is the what are they doing. So this is where we have the sacrolytic with the short chain fatty acids. We looked at lactate.

Lactate production, which plays a role in the pH of your gut. Protein fermentation and all the different protein fermentation byproducts. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide. We look at methane, which I will say actually I've had many people who they do a SIBO test, a breath test and, or we've seen methane in their in their stool, we do a SIBO breath test Sarna they show up with methane, in their small intestine as well. GABA production, glutathione histamine, indoles.

So these are just all the the strobilamps. This is gonna be your hormone related, function for the microbiome. Look at b 2, b 5, b 6, vitamin k 2, thiamine, folate, you know, b 12. And then this is this starts getting into, like, more nitty gritty, and I wouldn't, just if you're newer, I wouldn't spend so much time on, like, the fam the filum and families. But, you know, if you have a provider who's run this test a lot lot or if you're a practitioner and you're doing a consultation with one of our clinical consultants, the family level informs and usually will, inform and confirm patterns that you've seen earlier in the test.

So it can look like Greek at the beginning. I do not recommend that for your first report, you get too bogged down with at the family level, but it is there because there are certain families that can give a little bit more information. But I I I would say focus on the upper part of the test. And then this is our fingerprint section. So this is sort of the what's unique to you.

These are families that really shouldn't be in super high abundance, but it's interesting because there's some in here that are like aquatic organisms. And when I've done consults, I've asked people, do you drink well water, or do you live near a lake, or Or do you have a boat? And usually, the answer is yes. Because why else would you have an aquatic organism in you unless you're involved in, like, water a lot? So there are certain ones that are just interesting that, again, could inform environmental aspects or dietary aspects.

So anyway, just that's what the tests that's the sample report. So I know that was kinda quick, but again, for time, I know we only have 2 minutes. So Okay. Her comments on the following, please. I've been told that gut microbiome tests are not reliable in the sense that the same company processes a different stool sample from the same person later the day of collection or the next, the results of which strains and species are high or low vary a fair amount.

To what extent is this true? Is that because we vary? No. So what's interesting is that is true. That is true.

And I won't I'm not gonna name names or say anything, but there was somebody who did split simple testing with all different types of functional stool tests on the market. And with a lot of the other companies, there were and this was a third party. This was not at all this was just a practitioner who wanna do it on their own. The split sample testing, those other tests look totally different. Like, you had to complete like, you would do completely different clinical interventions depending on the test you were looking at.

With biomeffects though, it was the most the Sarna, and this was 3 different stool 3 different samples on 2 different days. All the samples across the board, all three tests looked not exactly the same, but very similar. Similar enough to where your clinical recommendations would not vary depending on the test that you were looking at. I think that's the thing that's important is it's not about having a test that looks exactly the same because there will be variation. But you wanna have a test that looks similar enough that it's not gonna change what the provider is gonna recommend as a clinical intervention.

So that's what I was saying about that. Okay. Leah is saying it's the only test that has helped her. Her. And thanks, Leah, for that feedback.

Do you offer videos on YouTube where you can go through a sample report and explain how to take actions on the results? I do think we we do have a YouTube. I don't know that it's patient facing. I'd have to I'd have to ask on that to see what types of videos we could we could do for patient facing. I'm assuming this is a patient, who's asking.

For providers, we have a ton of resources, with videos and their interpretation help and and that type of thing. So it it would just depend on what could be shared. So, somebody's having a hard time ordering. Who can they reach out to? I always ask this because I never can remember.

Yeah. You can reach out to our, customer service. That's cssteam@gomegaspor.com. That's our mb l customer service. Css team, like customer service support team at Go megaspor.com.

Go megaspor.com. There you go. Cssteam@gomegaspor.com. Also, if you do decide to purchase or if you've already purchased by 6 PM tonight, please send us your proof of purchase for anything from Microbiome Labs that you're ordering with my link today. Not like something you ordered last week, Rando, but today.

And then we will send you the bonuses, which are Alicia's slides as well as that spore based probiotic primer, like spore based probiotics 101 from Shivan Krishnan. But you have to email us, at info at cbosos.com. I just put it in the chat, and please do that tonight. You know, buy, like, 7. Get order by 6.

Please send us the proof of purchase by 7 because it's a big lift for my team. I appreciate that. Estrogen recycling on the report. You'd like more information about that, Leah. Have you already discussed the estrogen recycling?

Mine is high. Does that mean my bugs are causing the recycling? Yes. So if you have a highest strobilone, that means that you have a lot of these microbes that are going to, clip off that estrogen as it's supposed to be going and eliminated. It's gonna clip it off and allow it to be recycled back.

So if you have a highest strobilum, yes, you could be recycling that estrogen. Well, I've got 2 more questions. I'm so sorry we weren't able to get to everybody. You know, I do hustle for this. How long is the 15% available?

We'll definitely make it through the end of the year. Definitely. But the bonuses are good for tonight by 6 EST, but so that's in, like, about 3 hours, but definitely through, December 31st. Enemasoclonics, can doing even one of either of these really shift the microbiome? To what extent?

What about the clean out stuff they give you before a colonoscopy? How can should how long should one wait before running the test for max accuracy? Awesome question. So clean outs, colonics, colonoscopy preps, shift the microbiome, anywhere between, I've seen literature, 2 weeks to 4 weeks. So if you've had a colonoscopy or if you've done something along those lines, I would say probably wait about a month before doing the stool test.

Okay. And s Engel, I actually was gonna ask you this one this one question. Last stool test that I have no exocrine pancreatic enzymes. Does that mean I'm not making them or they don't reach my colon? Does my stomach acid stimulate production?

I have no symptoms and abnormal values of fat soluble nutrients. So assuming if you've done a test that looks at elastase, that's usually the the marker that's done in the stool to assess for how efficient is your pancreas making enzymes. Elastase can be influenced. It's not gonna be it's not gonna be diagnostic for EPI. And again, I don't know your health history, so I don't know if you really have been diagnosed with EPI or not.

But if you're using elastase, you would wanna follow that up with an actual test with a doctor to assess your pancreatic enzymes. Because a lot of things, there could be some changes depending on your stool consistency. So if you have looser stool or diarrhea, it actually will decrease that elastase pretty significantly. So it has more to do with the stool consistency and the ability to process that marker than it does with the actual function of the pancreas. So, I just wanted to mention that with with that marker.

Okay. I have to go. I'm so sorry. Thank you so much, Alicia. Great job.

Sorry, everybody. You know, usually, I like to get to 0 in terms of questions. We did answer 50. That's what it says. Is that possible?

Well, anyway, we answered a ton. Thank you so much. Thank you all so much for coming, and thank you so much. What a beautiful job. Read more about it on the site.

Make your decision. And then once you get it at home, you're gonna look at that box, and you're gonna be like, oh, I don't wanna do it. But if you don't do it, you won't get the results, and you want to definitely do it. Because once you get that data, it is very empowering, and you can make a lot of decisions from there. So I wish you all the best of health.

I don't think I have another webinar before the end of the year. I don't. So merry, merry and happy, happy, and we will see you. We have lots of wonderful things planned in 2025, and we just really appreciate you. Thank you, everybody.

Big hugs. Much. Have a happy holiday, everyone. Thank you. Bye.

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